LGI / Resources / CEE and CIS 1994 /

Macedonia

Ilija Todorovski

Commissioned by the Institute for Local Government and Public Service

1 BASIC STATISTICAL DATA

1.1 Size of territory and population

Size of territory 25,713 square kilometres

Population 2,033,964 (April 1991)

Population density 79.1 inhabitants per square kilometre

Major ethnic divisions Macedonians 65.3%

Albanians 21.7%

Turks 3.8%

Romanies (Gypsies) 2.5%

Serbs 2.2%

1.2 Per capita GDP and unemployment

Per capita GDP 767 USD (1993)

Unemployment rate 8.4% of the total population

Inflation rate 229.2 (1993)

1.3 Number of settlements by size (1981)

1.4 Number of local governments (1 January 1993)

Municipalities 34

City of Skopje (as an association or a
community of five municipalities) 1

1.5 Number of civil servants 15,338

Number of civil employees/1,000 inhabitants 7.4

Of the total:

employed by state administrative organs 94.8

employed by local governments 5.2

2 LEGAL BASIS

2.1 Constitutional provisions

2.1.1 Legal authority and types of local governments

According to the Constitution of the Republic of Macedonia (enacted in 1991) the right of citizens to local government is guaranteed. In units of local government, citizens participate directly and through representatives in decision-making on issues of local relevance (Articles 114 and 115).

Local government is regulated by a law adopted by a two-thirds' majority vote of the Representatives of the Macedonian (National) Assembly. The lawful exercise of local powers shall be defended by the courts. The local authority may apply to the Constitutional Court for the protection of its rights.

The territorial divisions of the Republic and the area administered by each municipality are defined by law. Otherwise, municipalities are units of local government. Every municipality (commune) consists of a town and a number of villages gravitating towards it. Within municipalities forms of neighbourhood government may be established. The City of Skopje is a particular unit of local government, the organization of which is regulated by law. In the City of Skopje, citizens participate directly and through representatives in decision-making on issues of relevance to the City. It actually covers five municipalities and divides its functions within them. The City of Skopje is not a superior authority to municipalities.

2.1.2 Roles and responsibilities assigned

Local authorities have a wide responsibility to provide services. All their functions and the fields in which they exercise their powers are determined by law.

There are two main categories of tasks: original tasks, and those entrusted by the Republic organs. The former are those prescribed by law to be tasks of local government units, like water supply, local public transport; the latter are specific matters to be performed by the central authorities, but in order to be performed in a more efficient way they are entrusted to local authorities. This option must be regulated by law.

2.2 Major specific laws on public administration and local governments

– Act Concerning Areas of Municipalities in the Republic of Macedonia 8/1976 and 16/1977

– Social Self-Protection Act 18/1976, published in the Yugoslav Official Register

– Ballot Act 10/1978

– Act on General Principles of Referendum and Direct Participation of Citizens 19/1979

– Act on Criteria and Mode of Provision of Additional Sources for Financing Municipal Needs 31/1984

– General Administrative Procedure Act 47/1986, published in the Yugoslav Official Register

– National Development Fund Act 20/1990

– Administrative Inspection Act 23/1990

– Act for Election and Recall of National and Local Assemblies' Representatives No. 28 of 1990, or 28/1990, published in the Macedonian Official Register

– Public Administration Act 40/1990

– Decision for Taking on Duties by the Republic Administrative Organs from the Municipal Organs 1/1991

– Decree on General Principles for Internal Organization of the Administrative Organs 22 and 43/1991

– Act on the System of Financing Common Needs 36, 55 and 21 of 1991

– Constitution of the Republic of Macedonia 52/1991

2.3 Civil service legislation

Articles in the above acts and decrees concerning administration and its procedures, for example the Public Administration Act and the General Administrative Procedure Act, deal with this matter, but statutes of municipalities work it out in more detail.

2.4 Major legal reforms in progress and their context

The Macedonian system of local government is in a process of reform. The former system was called the 'communal system' and possessed the following characteristics: (1) A broad range of local government competencies including those of economic and territorial defence, which cannot be seen in any other local government system in the world; (2) Almost complete financial autonomy of the local government units; (3) A very involved system of administrative and executive organs structured as the Republic and Federal (Yugoslav) governments; each of them being in charge of separate competencies. This system did not produce good results, because the extremely high level of local government autonomy that was reached significantly reduced the beneficial influence of the state in the process of coordination of economic activities. Thus, the opportunity for any municipality to carry out its own economic policy led to many parallel economic enterprises being established both in the Republic and in the Federation, and many of them undertook measures contradictory to those of the central authorities. Some taxes were decreased by Republic or Federal ministries in order to stimulate exports and at the same time communal taxes were raised, annulling the positive effects of the former activity. Therefore, that system was partially abandoned by the amendments of the Macedonian Constitution that were passed in 1990 and by the new Constitution of the Republic of Macedonia enacted in 1991.

The recent trend of changes has been directed towards adoption of the model of local government characteristic of the developed countries of the western hemisphere. To that end the Constitution dropped both the economic and territorial defence from local government competencies. According to the new Constitution, local government competencies are urban planning, communal activities, culture, sport, social security and child care, pre-school education, primary education, basic health care and other fields determined by law (Article 115). Next, the Constitution made municipalities more financially dependent upon the central authorities by increasing the share of state grants, in order that the latter coordinate much more efficiently the local government units' development. The third major change consisted of reform of the municipal organizational structure, in the sense that the heavy and numerous executive and administrative organs were enormously reduced as a consequence of the reduction in local government competencies. All these changes were sanctioned in about tendifferent versions of the Local Government Act, but that has not yet been passed, and this is a verypeculiar situation when the entire regulation concerning local government competencies is under the jurisdiction of many ministries (like that of education, culture, health, etc., yet according to the ministries they are in charge of all local issues in their domain) and the local governments' regulation domain is the rest, mainly infrastructure competencies.

3 HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE OF AND COOPERATION
AMONG LOCAL GOVERNMENTS

3.1 Main governmental subdivisions in the country

3.1.1 Hierarchical structure of the national and local administrations

There are two different types of structure in the Macedonian governmental system.

The first consists of central governmental bodies and arms-length agencies. Ministers and other central organs with nationwide authority operate with different territorial organs subordinated to them. There are territorial administrative organs located on the territory of every municipality, such are those subordinated to the Minister of Education, Minister of Health and Minister of Culture. Some agencies or institutions within these ministries, like the Pedagogical Institute, which is a partially autonomous subject within the Ministry of Education, have their local offices in eight municipalities (in that way each one covers on average four municipalities).

The second type of governmental structure is the system of local governments. There is one level of local government units. They are municipalities that provide services in an area comprising a town and many villages gravitating to it. Their average population is about 60,000 with an average size of about 850 square kilometres. The City of Skopje covers five municipalities with strict division of functions and no right to interfere in their duties.

3.1.2 Other major decentralized organs of central government

There are several decentralized organs of central government, more precisely of the Government of the Republic of Macedonia. They include the National Statistics Bureau, the Republic Hydrometeorological Institute and the Macedonian Archives. Their network covers either all municipalities, or just the largest and more populated municipalities in the country.

3.2 General distribution of functions among local, middle-tier
and central governments

As mentioned earlier, there is no middle-tier government (except the judicial organs that exist on a local level, i.e. in municipalities, in judicial counties, and at a national level), so all functions are divided by local and central authorities. If the latter entrust the carrying out of some specific matters to the municipalities, this must be adequately financially supported by appropriate Republic funds.

3.3 Specific public services for which local governments are responsible

3.3.1 Responsibilities mandated by law

– local development

– water supply

– drainage of rainwater

– sewerage

– construction and maintenance of streets, local roads and bridges

– maintenance of parks, greenery, etc.

– settlement cleaning, garbage collection

– protection of the natural and man–made environments

– fire protection

– maintenance of public cemeteries

– local public transport

– proposing urban plans before central authorities

3.3.2 Responsibilities chosen by discretion

Local governments have the right to improve the conditions in some social fields which, at the moment, are temporarily in the charge of the central authorities. So, in the field of education, they can give some extra money to kindergartens, primary and secondary schools (which are otherwise administered and financed by the Minister of Education and his subordinated local organs) in order that the latter provide teaching aids, organize transport for pupils from remote villages, reconstruct school buildings and do everything else that is not covered by the annual budget of the Ministry of Education. The same opportunity exists in the field of health care, where the municipalities can invest in medical equipment and medicines; and in the field of sport and culture, where they can give extra money to libraries, sports associations, etc. Even economic enterprises that are either in a period of crisis or lack investments when a capital reconstruction is needed may be financially supported by local governments.

3.4 Legal relationships between local and central government, and supervision
of local governments

Any local government unit has the right to perform its duties mandated by law without the interference of the central authorities, with regard to selecting priorities by itself. However, any local government has financial restrictions in respect to the size of the budget that is to be spent to satisfy the local needs. So, according to the law, every local government has a limited budget, i.e. the central authorities determine for each of the municipalities how much money will be spent in a fiscal year for local needs, taking into consideration the level of development, the population of the unit, etc. If a municipality provides more money from its sources, then the 'surplus' must be transferred to Republic funds, or additionally can be approved by the central authorities to be used by local authorities. Consequently, supervision of the legality of its work is carried out by the Republic. More precisely, it is the duty of the Mayor to inform the Government about non-compliance with the Constitution and illegitimacy of the general acts adopted under its authorization. The Government will prevent the implementation of the general act if it considers that it is not in accordance with the Constitution and will initiate a procedure before the Constitutional Court in order to assess whether it complies with the Constitution and the Law. Otherwise, disputes between local government organs and other subjects are in the charge of the courts.

3.5 Specific public services for which middle-tier governments are responsible

Middle-tier governments do not exist in the Republic of Macedonia, so a comparative survey between the situation in Macedonia and other countries on this issue is impossible to make.

3.6 Mandatory and voluntary forms of cooperation among local governments

A mandatory form of cooperation among local governments is their membership in the Macedonian Association of Municipalities and the City of Skopje. Consequently, all municipalities in Macedonia are its members. This association has various tasks, but among the most important is to discuss any draft of act or any other regulation concerning local government issues. Even the Assembly of Macedonia, when passing the Local Government Act and other acts concerning the election of local representatives, financing of local government units, etc., is obliged to ask for the opinion of this association. It is a place where representatives of municipalities can gather and consult each other on any question concerning either an individual municipality or many of them. It is also a place where conflicts among municipalities may be solved in an informal way. Finally, this association cooperates with similar foreign associations and may enable a Macedonian municipality to establish links with a foreign one.

There is a wide variety of voluntary forms of cooperation. The Macedonian municipalities have the opportunity to cooperate both among themselves and with foreign municipalities. Almost all Macedonian municipalities are twinned with foreign municipalities. Their cooperation is very often based upon interpersonal and cultural grounds. A delegation from one municipality visits another, establishing personal and sometimes business connections and cooperation in that way. As a rule, they are accompanied by folk-dance ensembles. When Macedonia went through a crisis caused by the blockade of Yugoslavia, the Greek embargo and its own economic transformation, many foreign municipalities helped their Macedonian twins, particularly with medicines.

There are many voluntary forms of financial transactions among municipalities. A municipality lends money to another one usually without any interest. Consultations on various issues among local authorities from different municipalities are also very frequent.

4 LOCAL GOVERNMENTAL INSTITUTIONS AND ACTIVITIES

The tasks of the local government are carried out by the assembly as a representative body and its organs: the mayor, the committees of the assembly, the executive organ (the board) and the municipal i.e. city office (expert service). The members of the assembly are elected for a term of four years.

4.1 Electoral system

Every citizen reaching 18 years of age acquires the right to vote. This right is equal, universal and direct, and is exercised at free elections by secret ballot.

Candidates for representatives to the assembly can be nominated by the citizens, political parties and any other forms of associations. The only condition for a party to nominate a candidate for local elections is that the party have at least 500 recorded members. All parties with fewer than 500 members, other forms of associations and citizens can nominate a candidate if they collect 100 signatures.

A representative is elected by the majority of votes of the citizens if the number of votes exceeds one third of the votes of the whole constituency in a particular area. If not, there will be a second round of elections for those candidates obtaining more than 7 per cent of the total number of votes in the first round.

The candidates for Mayor (president) and Deputy (vice president) are nominated by the councillors (representatives at the municipal assembly), in a manner determined by the statute of the unit of local government. A person is considered a Mayor or Deputy if they are elected by majority votes from the total number of councillors. If they are not elected in the first voting round, the election will be made from the two candidates that received the most votes. Finally, a candidate is considered elected if the majority of councillors present voted for him.

The executive organ (Board) of the local government unit consists of persons elected from both the councillors and citizens. Its composition and the number of members, as well as the manner of election both of the whole executive organ and of its president, are regulated by the statute of the municipality. If its members are elected by councillors, then a majority of votes from the total number of councillors is needed.

The assembly of the local government unit appoints a secretary of the assembly. He can be a graduated lawyer with appropriate experience determined by the statute of the local government unit.

4.2 The internal structure of the legislative body (committees)

Committees or commissions are established in order to discuss issues of drafts of various acts and resolutions and present them to the assembly. The logic of their existence is as in any other modern local government: there are several committees, each more familiar with particular issues, rather than having 50 or 60 of them discussing the issues in detail.

Any local government unit has many committees (usually over ten). Any committee covers one or two local unit competencies. The most usual committees are the following: The Statute Committee, Committee for Complaints, Committee for Economic Issues, Environmental Committee, Committee for Education, Science, Culture and Sport, Committee for Health Care and Social Policy, Committee for Religious Issues, Committee for Inter-Ethnic Relations (in the municipalities with ethnically mixed populations).

Members of the committees are elected by the assembly. Some of them are councillors, the rest are experts in the special field of activity of each particular Committee. The chairman of the committee is the link between his committee and the other organs of the assembly.

4.3 Distribution of power between the legislative and the administrative body

4.3.1 Distribution of functions

The assembly of the municipality shall:

– adopt the statute of the municipality, decisions and other enactments;

– adopt work programmes under its authorization;

– adopt the basic urban plan in accordance with the state organs authorized for urbanism;

– adopt the budget and the annual balance of accounts;

– issue notice of a municipal referendum;

– establish municipal organs and an office (an expert service) and appoint and dismiss their managers;

– elect and dismiss the mayor (president), his deputy (vice-president), the members of the executive board and the committees of the assembly;

– verify the mandate and decide on the mandate-immunity rights of the representatives;

– supervise the work of the municipal organs and municipal office;

– adopt a Rule of Procedures;

– carry out other work determined by law and by the statute of the municipality.

The mayor (president) shall:

– represent the local government unit;

– summon and lead the sessions of the assembly;

– take care of the organization and work of the assembly;

– take care of and be responsible for the implementation of the decisions of the assembly;

– take care of the implementation of the decisions and the entrusted work;

– carry out other work determined by law and by the statute of the local government unit.

The executive organ (board) shall:

– propose to the assembly adoption of decisions and other general acts under its authorization, and the manner of solution of certain issues;

– carry out or organize the implementation of decisions and other general acts;

– manage the municipal property;

– supervise the municipal public services;

– carry out other work determined by the statute of the local government unit.

The municipal (city) office shall:

– prepare the drafts of the acts that the assembly and the executive organs pass;

– carry out expert and other work for the assembly and the executive organ determined by the statute of the local government unit.

The secretary shall manage the municipal (city) service and shall be responsible for the work of the service before the assembly and the executive organs.

4.3.2 Decision-making process

The municipal city office prepares the drafts of the acts or other resolutions in accordance with the recommendations and instructions of the executive board. Then the draft versions are distributed among committee members, who discuss the issues. The same type of discussion can be led among party groups if an act is of importance. The committees are the last instance when something radical can be changed or the draft refused. The committee members usually introduce their party's attitudes into the draft, according to their political power. The draft will be definitely passed at a session of the assembly. Some of the drafts may raise long debates among councillors, but they never radically change the version adopted by the committee members.

4.4 The administrative body

4.4.1 Management and divisions

From the previous presentation of functions we can come to the conclusion that many local government organs have the duty to supervise the administrative departments or the municipal (city) office. That is the duty of the mayor, vice-mayor, the executive board and the secretary as the chief administrator. In practice, this duty is most frequently performed by the secretary. Bearing in mind that he is a lawyer, the secretary is in charge of both the administrative and the legal aspects of this activity. He is therefore obliged to warn the organ if some segment of an act or resolution it is passing violates the law.

4.4.2 Size, certification and professional composition of personnel

The annual average number of persons employed by local authorities in Macedonia in 1991 was 780.

Public service employees in the two types of local administrative organs (%)

Local civil servants are mainly lawyers. The remainder come from different professions, but the prevailing number of them are graduates in other social sciences and the humanities.

4.5 Institutions and companies run or controlled by local governments

Providing municipalities possess a very limited number of competencies, mainly infrastructural, they have relations only with local public works companies. In this sense, they have a decisive influence upon the choice of their managers. The temporary practice concerning the financial relations between local authorities and these companies varies from case to case. In some cases these companies are completely financed by local authorities; in others the local authorities apply to the central authorities for money for services, submitting a justified request to them, after which, if the central authorities accept it, they conclude a contract with the companies.

4.6 Mechanisms for the redress of citizens' rights

It is the principle that citizens' rights will be defended at court. The administrative protection of citizens' rights, very widespread in the period before 1991, exists in the current period, too, but is not applied, because local government units do not have such competencies that may cause disputes between them and the citizens.

4.7 Citizens' participation in decision-making processes and forms
of expressing opinion

The citizens participate directly in decision-making on issues of local importance through gatherings of citizens, referendums or a people's (citizens') initiative.

Other forms of direct participation by the citizens concerning the local government decision-making can be provided by their statutes.

A gathering of citizens can be called for the entire municipality or for a part of it.

The gathering is called by the Mayor on his own initiative or upon the request of at least 20 per cent of the electorate in the local government unit.

At the gathering the Mayor shall give his report, and if necessary other authorized representatives of the municipal organs shall also report.

The gathering of the citizens may adopt general guidelines regarding the work of the municipal organs by a majority of votes of persons attending the gathering.

The assembly of the local government unit may issue a notice of referendum for a proposal on a general enactment and other issues under its authorization on its own initiative.

Notice of a referendum may be issued upon request of at least 20 per cent of the voters in the local government unit.

The decision from a referendum is considered adopted if more than half of the number of voters voted.

The adopted decision is binding for the assembly of the local government unit.

The citizens have the right to propose to the assembly of the local government unit adoption of a certain act to resolve certain issues under its authority.

The proposal from the previous paragraph must be discussed by the assembly if it is supported by at least 20 per cent of the voters.

It is the duty of the assembly to discuss this proposal within the term determined by the statute of the local government unit, or within 6 months at the latest.

5 PUBLIC FINANCE

5.1 Major sources of revenue for the local government budget

The income structure consists of several basic elements: state grants, allocated central taxes (shared revenues), independent revenues, credits and bank interests.

Local revenues in 1993 (%)

The independent revenues are the most widely represented source for financing local government needs. They consist of two groups of taxes. To the first group belong those taxes whose level is determined by a rate (for instance, 20 per cent of the value of a flat). Such taxes are the property tax (levied on flats or houses, land that is not utilized for economic purposes or non-agricultural purposes, and more valuable movable property like cars and trailers), inheritance and gift tax, and real estate and rights excise tax (tax paid in the case of selling a house). To the second group belong the communal or fixed taxes (where is paid a certain amount of money already fixed for some sorts of administrative services). All of these taxes are determined by the national legislative body. The municipalities have the right only to collect them.

There are several sorts of state grants, which vary according to their purposes. The most widespread grant is that for construction of a plumbing network (water supply) throughout the whole Republic. This is granted to all municipalities. The next source in this respect is the Republic Fund for Underdeveloped Municipalities, which is used by the eight (out of 34) poorest municipalities in Macedonia. The last in this context are the additional assets from the state that are placed at the disposal of those municipalities that cannot otherwise provide a sufficient amount of money necessary for the minimal satisfaction of local needs.

5.2 Distribution of local government expenditures

Distribution of local government expenditures (1992, %)

These figures show that local needs are very badly satisfied because almost half of all expenditures are spent on the salaries of local staff, materials and objects necessary for their normal work.

The first item (local needs) consists mainly of infrastructure (98 per cent of the total expenditure).The other 2 per cent is spent on education. Naturally, many municipalities spend their money on infrastructure only.

5.3 Partnership between the public and private sectors

All communal organizations at the moment are public. Therefore, all public works, such as road maintenance and construction of plumbing networks (water supply), are performed by public enterprises. The boom of small-scale private enterprises in Macedonia, particularly trading enterprises, created greater opportunities for them to provide consumer goods and services to local administrations, but in practice the development of public-private partnership is slow. Otherwise, there is no law that either encourages or discourages this sort of partnership.

5.4 Financial cooperation

A great variety of both permanent and ad hoc municipal financial cooperations were widespread in the former period until 1991. However, reduction of local government functions in the recent period and the relatively large territories of municipalities with big populations, which enables any municipality to perform its duties using its own sources, significantly decreased the need for it. Anyway, ad hoc financial cooperation among municipalities still exists.

5.5 Regulatory controls on local government finances

Municipalities, as stated above, perform their own duties using their own sources of financial cooperation. Regulatory controls, however, consist of collection of taxes, state control in the form of monitoring for financial and legal correctness, and municipal controls.

6 BURNING ISSUES

(i) Territorial redistribution is the first major problem. An average municipality at present extends for 850 square kilometres including more than 60,000 inhabitants. It consists of a town and 50 villages. It is quite obvious that so huge a local community, as compared to the respective ones in other, particularly European, countries, cannot be an intimate part of the life of an average citizen, i.e. the local affairs can be managed in a bureaucratic way only. Therefore, it has been decided that local government units would be territorially reduced. The ensuing redistribution provides opportunities for some new centres of municipalities to emerge. Taking into consideration that the municipal centres have always been in a privileged position, the question of which of the existing villages will become municipal centres causes both the local population and law-makers to be upset and lead to endless debates, especially emphasized by the fact that there is a lack of solid criteria on this issue.

(ii) Determination of local government competencies following the modern tendencies of the western democracies is a very important step towards overcoming the existing difficulties that badly affect local development. Macedonia, as a part of Yugoslavia, has been undergoing tremendous changes, ranging from a local government with an extremely broad grasp of competencies in the self- management period (1974–91) to a very narrow one in the recent, transitional period.

The Constitution of the Republic of Macedonia enacted in 1991 prescribes that 'the citizens directly or through their representatives participate in decision-making...in the field of urban planning, communal activities, culture, sport, social security and child care, pre-school education, primary education, basic health care and other fields determined by law' (Article 115), but a Local Government Act has not been yet passed because there is no consent on 'other fields determined by law', nor as to where the line will be drawn between central and local competencies in some of the above fields.

(iii) Spreading out the local government competencies implies that new financial sources for their implementation have to be introduced, because the existing ones are not sufficient to satisfy local needs even according to the current, reduced scheme of local competencies. So, some of the sources that are now used by the central authorities only for expenditures in the field of education, health care, culture, etc. must be shared between both authorities in the following period, which in the Macedonian context makes additional problems. These problems emerge from the fact that some of the municipalities, being at a higher level of development than some others, will be able to pick up much more money than the latter, which will cause the Republic to interfere in support of the poorer in order to balance local government development on the whole of its territory. That support needs some new criteria, which, in a country facing many problems, are very difficult to establish because of various sorts of resistance.

(iv) The inter-ethnic relations between the Macedonian and Albanian population are tense. This causes problems both at the central and at the local government level because it imposes a new sort of balancing – among nationalities. The basic negative effect of this is that very often quality must be sacrificed in the name of a formal equality. As an example, if a person of one nationality is employed, then a person of another nationality is expected to be employed next, whether or not he is skilled enough for that position.

(v) As mentioned above, communal enterprises are of public ownership. The exception are the minor services or goods that for the purposes of local government can be produced either by the private or by the public property sectors. Bidding does not always exist, and is between or among public property enterprises. So, in many cases the latter are privileged. In that way market economy principles are ignored. Consciousness of the problems to be solved in the spirit of the former period, or of the political system of self-management, is still alive and strong and causes some obstacles in the development of local communities.

(vi) The local government administrative staff is not trained to adjust to the new social changes.They work according to the old schemes, ignoring the need for management education. Consequently, many of them are conservative and can be an obstacle to an accelerated local government development.

Certainly, it is the country as a whole, with its very poor material sources at the moment, that reduces dramatically the opportunities for an efficient system of local government to be introduced, because in spite of all the local government reforms, local communities, having extremely poor financial sources for their needs, will not be able to carry them out.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

PUBLICATIONS

1. Clarke, John J., Outlines of Local Government of the United Kingdom (Longman, London, 1960).

2. Fiscal System and Fiscal Policy (Jugoslovenski pregled, Belgrade, 3-4, 1990, in Serbian).

3. Humes, Samuel, The Structure of Local Government Throughout the World (Martinus Niyhoff, The Hague, 1959).

4. Jackson, Eric W., The Structure of Local Government in England and Wales (Longman, London, 1957).

5. Jovicic, Dr Miodrag, Structure and Territorial Basis of Local Government in the European Countries (Savremena administracija, Belgrade, 1974, in Serbian).

6. Todorovski, Ilija, Local Government in England, USA and Yugoslavia (Studentski zbor, Skopje, 1991, in Macedonian, Cyrillic alphabet).

7. Zimmerman, Joseph F., State and Local Government (Barnes and Noble Books, New York, 1976).

REGULATIONS

– Constitution of the Republic of Macedonia, Macedonian Official Register, Skopje, 52/1991

– Act for Election and Recall of National and Local Assemblies' Representatives, Macedonian Official Register, Skopje, 28/1990

– Ballot Act, Macedonian Official Register, 10/1978

– Act on the System of Financing Common Needs, Macedonian Official Register, Skopje, 36, 55 and 21/1991

– Budgets Act, Macedonian Official Register, Skopje, 79/1993

– Budgets Limitations Act, Macedonian Official Register, Skopje, 25/1992

– Act on Criteria and Mode of Provision of Additional Sources for Financing Municipal Needs, Macedonian Official Register, Skopje, 31/1984

– National Development Fund Act, Macedonian Official Register, Skopje, 20/1990

– Act Concerning Areas of Municipalities in the Republic of Macedonia, Macedonian Official Register, Skopje, 8/1976 and 16/1977

– Public Administration Act, Macedonian Official Register, Skopje, 40/1990

– Decision for Taking on Duties by the Republic Administrative Organs from the Municipal Organs, Macedonian Official Register, Skopje, 1/1991

– Social Self–Protection Act, Yugoslav Official Register, Belgrade, 18/1976

– Act on General Principles of Referendum and Direct Participation of Citizens, Macedonian Official Register, Skopje, 19/1979

– Municipal Statutes, Reports of Activities and Financial Reports

STATISTICS

– Census of the Population and Flats in 1981, Federal Bureau of Statistics, Belgrade, 1983.

– Statistics Annual of the Republic of Macedonia – 1991, Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Macedonia, Skopje, 1991.

– Statistics Annual of the Republic of Macedonia – 1992, Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Macedonia, Skopje, 1992.

– Statistical Data of the Ministry of Development, Government of the Republic of Macedonia

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